Child Physical Performance Participation in Physical Activity Essay

Child Physical Performance Participation in Physical Activity - Essay Example Physical activity habits and preferences are not static but are continually in a state of flux throughout the life cycle. The most substantial changes occur at major passages in peoples lives and these activities are added and deleted as personal and situational factors change over time. There is an inverse relationship between age and physical activity levels. Physical activity patterns peak in childhood, but an incipient decline continues through the life cycle. Relatively active adolescents become increasingly inactive adults. Situational factors specific to adolescence, such as beginning to drive, beginning part-time employment, and disengaging from competitive sports, may be contributory factors to a less vigorous lifestyle. The high attrition rate in organized sports may be partially due to the confluence of averslye or negative experiences. The work-like approach to sports may result in a spillover effect in which not only the sport but all physical activity is perceived negat ively. As athletes are pressured to succeed and spend long hours in repetitive, almost assembly-line type practices, they may be inhibited from developing a positive attitude toward physical activities. Blair (2004, 585) noted that with increasing age, there was an increasing professionalization of attitude toward play. Consequently, as childrens activities evolve from free play to more organized contexts, there is a corresponding transition from an expressive orientation to a more instrumental one. This transition results in an increasing emphasis on winning and defeating an opponent and a decreasing emphasis on playing fair and having fun. This transformation of attitude is most pervasive and pronounced with young men, although young women may be expected to exhibit a similar trend or transition as sporting opportunities continue to unfold. It is thus plausible that the spillover effect and the progressive professionalism of play coupled with the increased

Method of data analysis Essay Example for Free

Method of data analysis Essay Thematic analysis was used to make meaningful deductions from the documented raw data. In thematic analysis, a concept is chosen for examination, and the analysis involves noting the frequency of its presence in the whole interview, and finding interrelations among the themes identified. The focus is at the occurrence of selected terms within a text or texts, although the terms may be implicit as well as explicit. While explicit terms obviously are easy to identify, coding for implicit terms and deciding their level of implication is complicated by the need to base judgments on a somewhat subjective system (Patton 2002). Simply put, the researcher read the documented surveys, and analyzed the inter-linkages of these responses. When responses are not explicit, inter-judge validation was used, with another researcher agreeing on the category under which the response may be grouped. The meaning and interpretation of each response was noted, and related to the organization’s overall profile. In this sense and taken as a holistic approach, the data from the chosen institution may be considered as a case study. Methodological Limitations The study also has methodological limitations. First, it did not make use of any other quantitative measure to study the phenomenon apart from qualitative procedure of thematic analysis (Patton 2002). Second, there was only one participant institution, Elfed and its responses may not be reflective of the population it represents (Zikmund 1997). It may be worth noting that the goal of the study is to generalize about the phenomenon across schools; thus, the use of participants from a cross-section of different learning institutions. Third, there were some time constraints on the part of both interviewer and interviewees, which may be a factor in the length of their responses or the duration of the interview. Had there been more time, more probing questions and more data may have been gathered. Moreover, since the study has been limited to an UK-based school, its conclusions may not be able to create a comprehensive generalization to other countries or regions. This is especially true when cultural and economic factors are taken into consideration. Biases in the responses may have occurred since the only source of primary data is the knowledge and perception of the interviewee. The respondent may not be so honest with their answers and express only what is socially desirable, especially because they were ‘carrying’ the name of their school. Logically, they would not want to put the school in a bad light. In addition, since the interviews were conducted at the place of work, the respondents may not be at ease in answering the questions. In effect, their responses may not be as candid or as honest (Denzin Lincoln 2000). Results and Discussion For this part of the study, the results gathered from both the interview and the focus group discussions will be presented in this part of the study. In addition to this, the results will be evaluated and examined with the literature presented in the review of related literature to gather any existing relationships or occurrences within the data gathered. For the first part of this section, the results of the focus group discussion will be presented and will be discussed.

The Giver :: essays research papers

The Giver Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever felt like starting all over again? Many people would like to have the opportunity to make a new beginning. In the book, The Giver, by Lois Lowry, Jonas is making a new beginning by making an end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonas is making an end by leaving the community. He leaves with Gabriel because he wants to experience true things outside the community. He was very hurt in the community because he could not share his feelings. He wanted to be able to share and experience his feelings with other people. He feels the community does many things that are bad or wrong. Jonas doesn’t seem to like what happens to people when they are released. He wants to change many ways people in the community are treated. Jonas makes a great a choice by leaving the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonas opens up many opportunities and choices when he leaves the community. â€Å"Jonas sobbed and shouted and pounded the bed with his fist† (Lois Lowry pg 152). Jonas is obviously angry in the situation he is in and with the choices he is given. He wants to have the privilege to make his own choices which he will be able to do outside the community. He can now find peace since he was able to leave and make his own choices . The choices will give Jonas a chance to find a job and other things that are important to his life. Jonas would finally be able to be happy with himself and what he has. It is good for Jonas to be able to have opportunities and choices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonas is making a beginning outside of the community. â€Å"Soon there were many birds along the way, soaring overhead calling† (Lois Lowry pg 172). Jonas can finally make his own decisions. Jonas could have all the privileges the community took away.

Whole Food

Industry Analysis Dominant Industry Characteristics Since going public in 1991, Whole Foods has focused on acquiring other small owner-managed natural and organic food stores as well as opening new stores of their own. However in 2002-2006, they decided that instead of making acquisitions, Whole Foods growth strategy would be based on opening new stores. Whole Foods chooses upscale, urban metropolitan areas to place their stores. These locations are high traffic shopping locations, some are freestanding, some are in strip centers, and some are in high-density mixed-use projects.By the end of 1991 fiscal year Whole Foods had 10 stores and by the end of 2007 they had 276 stores. By 2008, Whole Foods had stores in 36 states. The most important industry characteristic would be the market size and growth rate. â€Å"The combined sales of foods and beverages labeled as ‘natural' or organic – about 62 billion in 2007 – represented about 7. 3 percent of the roughly 850 b illion in total U. S. grocery store sales. † 7. 3 percent of 850 billion total grocery store sales seem like a small number for a large market but the market is still growing. According to the Organic Consumers Association, sales of organic foods in the United States hit 17 billion in 2006, up 22 percent from 13. 8 billion in 2005. When natural foods and beverages (defined narrowly as those with no artificial ingredients) were lumped in with organic foods and beverages, the U. S. retail sales total came to 28. 2 billion in 2006, up from 23 billion in 2005. † All this information is a brief explanation on the industry's position and the product life cycle.By 2008 organic foods and beverages were available in nearly every food category and were available in over 75 percent of U. S. grocery stores. These numbers show that industry is most certainly in rapid growth concerning sales. Offering organic and natural food at most grocery stores other than specialty stores also sho ws growth. â€Å"While only about 1 percent of U. S. farmland was certified organic in 2005, farmers were becoming increasingly interested in and attracted to organic farming, chiefly because of the substantially higher prices they ould get for organically grown fruits, vegetables, and meat†. This shows that the industry is still in early development because farmers that are not growing organic crops are becoming interested and attracted to organic farming. Being able to charge a higher price and bring in more profit is an eye opener and it encourages farmers to start organic farming. Another industry characteristic in the organic and natural food industry is number of rivals.An important industry driving force is marketing innovations. â€Å"In October 2002 the U. S. Department Agriculture (USDA) officially established labeling standards for organic products, overriding both the patchwork of inconsistent state regulations for what could be labeled as organic and the differe nt rules of some 43 agencies for certifying organic products. † By establishing labeling standards for organic products concerning what could be called organic insures that people are receiving pure organic products. The new labeling program was not intended as a healthy or safety program (organic products have not been shown to be more nutritious than conventionally grown products, according to the American Dietetic Association), but rather as marketing solution. † By creating stricter standards it made it harder for growers, processors, exporters, importers, shippers and merchants to prove that their product were truly organic because they are required to provide a documentation verifying that they are certify to grow, process and handle organic products.With the issue of obesity becoming a bigger and bigger issue in our country, people are taking more interest of their personal health. Many companies are trying to appeal to that population by making health changes to their products such as eliminating the use of MSG. To reduce the risk of obesity in children many schools are also making changes to their daily lunch menus such as cutting out carbonated beverages and providing the students with healthier menu choices. Food Network stars such as Rachael Ray are also aware societies growing desire to eat healthier food so they trying to express this to their viewers.All of these examples reflect changing societal concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles. The new labeling system was not intended as a health or safety program but that is exactly what it is becoming. The association between natural and organic meant that it is safe to eat since these products are being held at a higher standard. Because of societal concerns there is a change in who buys the product and how they use it. For example more people are trying organic or natural food as a substitution to products that could be considered unhealthy. Instead of purchasing carbonated beverages consum ers are trying different type of flavored water and teasIndustry Key Success FacDue to the growth of natural and organic food industry, the products are becoming more easily accessible. By making the products more easily accessible the industry is finding that consumers want more knowledge on the product features and benefits. One marketing key success factor would be courteous, personalized customer service. â€Å"Whole Food spent about 0. 5 percent of its revenues on advertising, a much smaller percentage than conventional supermarkets, preferring instead to rely primarily on word-of-mouth recommendations and testimonials from customers. Employees at Whole Foods stores take pride in being knowledgeable of their product and are eager to provide excellence customer care. Having good customer relations helps them build clientele. Whole Foods also ensures that each department is staffed with an employee that is knowledgeable about their products and always ready to answer customer co ncerns and give feedback on the products. To provide excellence customer care they offer personal attention in every department in the store and when customers asked where an item was located, team members would often take them to the spot.The team members are quite knowledgeable and enthusiastic about their products and they take advantage of opportunities to inform and educate customers about natural and organic foods. Another success factor would be a talented workforce. Having team members that are skilled and capable of providing information about their product to consumers is very important. There are a couple sources consumers can gain knowledge on natural and organic foods and they are; the store, the internet and their peers.Information found on the internet is usually not reliable because anyone can post anything on there. Even though a blog or website might be dedicated to the industry it is still not reliable because the information on there can be written by anyone. Inf ormation from your friends and family may or may not be reliable. Since the industry is still growing it might be a challenge for new customers to find someone to give them information and feedback on a particular product. This leaves consumers relying on the stores to give reliable knowledge on a product.

Muscular System Essay

The human muscular system is made up of over 600 connecting muscles. All of the muscles work together in sync to make your body move in several different ways. None of the body systems can work without muscles and your muscles can’t work without your other body systems so that means that all of your body systems need each other to work and make your body function correctly. Your muscles need protein, nutrients, and oxygen to move and work. Then the circulatory system carries those essential particles to your muscles from the digestive and respiratory systems. That is when your circulatory system carries the leftover waste back to the original systems to be discharged from your body. Your nervous system runs the whole show by telling your different systems to make this whole process happen Muscles Your muscles are made up of body tissue which consists of very very small fibers which make up your muscles and you also have ligaments which help your muscles move in the right way. Each of your muscles are responsible for their own special job. All of your muscles contract to provide motion when the brain sends a signal through the nervous system which are stimulants. These stimulants tell your muscles to move your arms, legs and other muscles move your eyelids and they all work in sync to make you walk and talk. There are some muscles in which you have no control over like the muscles in your internal organs like your heart, stomach, and other organs in all of your body systems. There are three different types of muscular tissues. There are the Smooth, the Skeletal, and the Cardiac muscular tissues. Smooth muscles are made of spindle-shaped cells. Smooth muscles are found in the skin, internal organs, reproductive system, major blood vessels, and excretory system. Skeletal muscles are composed of long fibers surrounded by a membranous sheath, the  sarcolemma. Since the Skeletal muscles are under control by whom ever they belong to are called voluntary muscles. This muscle is attached to two or more bones which are then attached to the skeleton by tendons. For example, head and neck muscles; contraction of these muscles produces facial expressions and head movements. They are also responsible for speech and swallowing. Skeletal muscles are the main muscles which move your body. Muscles nearly always work in coordinated groups; contraction of one muscle is accompanied by relaxation of another, while other muscles stabilize nearby joints. Then the last of the muscle types is the Cardiac Muscle or the involuntary muscles. Cardiac muscles are not under conscious control they do not react by a persons decision or movement. and are connected to the nervous system which are stimulated by autonomic impulses. Cardiac muscles are found in your internal organs like the heart or the intestine. For example; they include muscles that propel food through the intestine and those that control sweating and blood pressure. Muscles that are properly exercised react to stimuli quickly and powerfully. As a result of excessive use muscles may have an abnormal increase of an organ or tissue in the muscle cells. That is why if you work out at the gym your muscles become larger, but if you overwork your muscles they decrease sometimes to a fraction of its original size and becomes substantially weaker

Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise 1877

Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise 1877 Introduction The late nineteenth century is considered by many historians as the age of great deflation. Nearly all places around the globe particularly in Europe marked this time as the period of economic turn down. Nevertheless, America had it differently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise 1877-1900 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this period the average yearly income growth for the Americans doubled. This increase in was accelerated by the industrial growth especially in the steel industry. This industrial growth created more wealth than any other time in the history of America. Growth of steel industry The industrial growth came with popularity of factories that marked the American industrial revolution. Prior to 1877 factories were known only to be producing goods characteristically of the old artisan. The beginning of 1877 saw the turn in industrial productions. Factories began producing capital good that hugely contributed to the national productive capacity1. Steel production was one such capital good productive enterprise. Steel replaced iron which was then considered to be ineffective in the making of rail as well as in industrial usage. The introduction of steel manufacture was attributed to Henry Bessemer who invented the Bessemer converter. The converter was a large furnace that was designed in such a way that it could easily refine raw pig iron to steel2. This potential was fully exploited by Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie arrived in America from Scotland in 1848 aged twelve. He spent most of his early years as a telegraph operator, working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Carnegie quickly rose up the managerial ladder and amassed his fortunes during the war speculations. He first became an iron manufacturer before establishing a huge steel mill near Pittsburgh in 1872. The Carnegie steel mill became the pioneer of any other steel mill in the 1870s through to 1900. The steel mill had a Bessemer converter as the center piece of its production.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was seen as advancement as the mill run constantly. Besides its technological advancements, raw materials in form of mineral were also abundant. This ensured that the steel mills operated at full capacity3. The northern Minnesota iron ore deposits and the Appalachian coal deposits were major sources of raw materials needed by the steel industry. Railroad However with discovery of steam engines, huge quantities of coal were to be consumed by railroads and factories. Steam engines were then the major national energy workhorse. In 1880s, the continuous rotating turbines was invented. These turbines were more efficient than the steam engines and were therefore used to produce electricity. This completed the energy revolution during that tim e. The energy revolution that led to the production of huge quantities of electricity contributed o the enhanced production of capital good. This was also the time of railroad boom. Prior to the civil war, America was still reeling under the water travels technologies. There was no feeling for the need to expand beyond the water ways travel. However when the rail road was first introduced, it immediately became popular. Transportation was made efficient; moreover, people could travel throughout the year. Furthermore, huge bulk of good could now be moved easily in inland places far away from the water ways. The major problem was the cost of building the railways. Both the state and federal governments considered building the railway to be very costly. Contrary to canals, the rail road building was left in the hand of the private sector or as a free enterprise by the federal government. However the government still played a huge role in the building of the railway both in terms of pol icy regulations and financing. In most cases the federal or state governments could buy the rail construction bonds with an aim of funding the building of the railway. Often, the governments could offer grants or the railway construction loans in form of bonds which they could still buy and have a larger stake4.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise 1877-1900 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The running and managing the railway system was left on the hands of corporations that were formed by the railway constructors and operators. Besides the administrative role, the corporation has to ensure that the capital was pooled in huge amounts for the construction of the railway. However, the dilemma of the railway owners was that they only had a limited liability on the amount of money they invested. The new legal entity, the railways corporation, ensured that the private entrepreneurs got the most of their investment in the railway system. Despite the railway corporation good administrative intentions, the rail road building companies were notoriously corrupt. About half of the railway construction money was pocketed by the promoters of these companies. Trade unionism The growth of industries could not have without the rise of workers unions and activism industries were being accused of exploiting workers. Trades unions that fought for the rights of workers sprung up and rapidly spread. However the contribution of industry to the general economy was enormous. Bibliography Fernlund, Kevin. Documents to Accompany Americas History, Volume 2: Since 1865. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. Henretta, James, and David Brody. America: A Concise History Since 1877. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. Footnotes 1 James Henretta and Brody David. America: A Concise History Since 1877. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010), 213-245Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 2 James Henretta and Brody David. America: A Concise History Since 1877. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010), 213-245 3 James Henretta and Brody David. America: A Concise History Since 1877. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010), 213-245 4 Kevin Fernlund. Documents to Accompany Americas History, Volume 2: Since 1865. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010), 237

Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart” Essays

Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart† Essays Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart† Paper Post-Colonialism in Things Fall Apart† Paper Essay Topic: Things Fall apart The Post-Colonial literature that describes what happens to a strong African, Asian once colonist settle in the area. Post Colonial literature considers vexed cultural- political questions of national and ethnic identity, otherness, race, imperialism and language, during and after the colonial periods. The term is applied most often to writings from Africa, The Indian subcontinent, The Caribbean, and other regions whose histories during the 20th century are marked by colonialism anti-colonialism movement to post independence society. Things Fall Apart is a major work of Post Colonial literature that describes what happens to a strong Nigerian tribe during colonial rule in colonialism offering and insight into African culture that had not been portrayed before, Things Fall Apart is both a tragic and moving story of and individual set in the wider context of the coming of colonialism, as well as a powerful and complex political statement of cross cultural encounters. â€Å"Turning and turning in the widening gyre, The falcon cannot hear the falconer, Things fall apart; the center cannot hold, Mere anarchy is loosed upon the World. 1† The title â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is taken from W. B. Yeats poem ‘The Second Coming’ . The life of an Igbo tribe on the very cusp of the time when the wave of colonization washed over Africa set in Nigeria. The book flows story ‘Okonkwo’, the son of ne’er do well, who is determined not to end up a failure like his father, but wants to follow tradition and rise in rank within the tribe. But just as the title predicts, Okonkwo’s plans for a perfect life go astray. Change is inevitable and even the best lead plans to astray. In the turbulent time settings, Okonkwo is doomed to loose the traditions he cherishes as his society slowly falls apart. The first part of the novel discuss with suffering and sorrows of the natives due to illiteracy. They are far away from modernization and having their own circle of ethic, morality and manners. They live with their tradition, custom, ritual and savage culture. The second part deals with the theme of exploration and exploitations. It expresses the arrival of Europeans in the Africa and exploitation of Europeans in African native Nigro. The men like Mr. Brown and Mr. James Smith being the rule policy in Umufia. They destroy native African culture by introducing Christianity. The marginal African like Osu Ibu people are attracted towards Christen religion as a result of that native African culture collapsed in Umufia. Post-Colonial theory thinks about subaltern, Marginal, hybrid people, the other, the untouchables of the whole world. The writers like Edward Said, G. C. Spivak and Homi Bhabha even Chinua Achebe focus the suffering of marginal and expose the cruel imperial rule. Okonkwo the protagonist feels great insult of his culture and nation, he has fight against British Imperialism and other hand he has to fight against his own people. At a time he is fighting world war and civil war. On both levels he defeated because of cruel power of colonization, imperialism. When realized his helplessness dominance of imperialism he commits suicide. This Tragic end of Okonkwo doesn’t mean the real defeat- he has expressed his rage, revolt and strong protest towards the British cruel rule in Umufia. Though he died, he made the reads of the world to think about his commitment. He made the imperialist to do self-introspection give justice to the natives of Africa. So, the death of Okonkwo is not defeat but freedom fighter; his death is to be considered as a heroic deed. In this way â€Å"Things Fall Apart† proves a post-colonial novel. Reference: 1)Things Fall Apart- Chinua Achebe 2)Oxford Literary Dictionary 3)Literay Terms- M. H Abraham 4)English Literature- W. J. Long 5)History of English Literature- Goodman